Spatial and temporal trends in different dimensions of macrophyte biodiversity in boreal lakes

To comprehensively understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on biodiversity, we must how biodiversity has changed over time and its underlying processes. Regardless a recent increase in scientific interest towards changes community composition, i.e. beta diversity, these have not been studied lake environments spatio-temporal framework. In addition, although biotic homogenisation gained much attention decades, it is still unclear this process acts at different levels through time.
 The main aim thesis to study temporal spatial patterns vascular aquatic macrophyte communities small boreal lakes during period 70 years. focus diversity-environment relationships dimensions with special functional features. This based three separate case studies that all utilised presence-absence data macrophytes from 27 28 1940s 2010s.
 Vascular showed only moderately diversity relation human across decades. diverged slightly each other. change level beenmodest since 1940s. Nevertheless, seems even relatively modest environment affect gains losses species level. There were no signs either or differentiation (taxonomic, phylogenetic functional), but affected composition richness some extent.
 By using perspective, highlights fact though pervasive problem globally, an unambiguous acting similarly scales organism groups. are likely five partly interdependent reasons why detected area 70-year period: 2010s, high ecological resilience lakes, information presence absence was used instead abundance data, interactions complex community-environment together stochastic processes climate change.
 results highlight relying one two survey points can result limited knowledge phenomenon under study, exceptional year terms weather conditions hinder detecting overall long-term trends compositional changes, especially ongoing change. represent situations extensive glaciated areas Eurasia North America, largely similar pools many regions. Therefore, region faced glaciation postglacial might be resistant against moderate pressure.